Close Lucintel Chat
Didn't Find What You're Looking for?
Call us at +1972 636 5056 or write at helpdesk@Lucintel.com
Ask an Expert Provide Custom Requirements Download Sample Report Search Available Reports
  • helpdesk@Lucintel.com
  • |
  • Call Lucintel +1 972 636 5056
  • |
  • Login
  • |
  • Register
  • |
  • Search
  • |
'
...

The Impact of COVID-19 is included in Semiconductor Equipment Refurbishment Market in Germany. Buy it today to get an advantage.

Request the impact of COVID-19 on your product or industry


Semiconductor Equipment Refurbishment in Germany Trends and Forecast

The future of the semiconductor equipment refurbishment market in Germany looks promising with opportunities in semiconductor manufacturing, research and development, quality control, and testing & prototyping applications. The global semiconductor equipment refurbishment market is expected to grow with a CAGR of 9.0% from 2025 to 2031. The semiconductor equipment refurbishment market in Germany is also forecasted to witness strong growth over the forecast period. The major drivers for this market are substantial demand for semiconductors across industries, increasing environmental concerns about electronic waste, and rapid technological advancements in semiconductors.

• Lucintel forecasts that, within the product type category, etching is expected to witness the highest growth over the forecast period.
• Within the application category, semiconductor manufacturing is expected to witness the highest growth over the forecast period.

Semiconductor Equipment Refurbishment Market in Germany Trends and Forecast

Emerging Trends in the Semiconductor Equipment Refurbishment Market in Germany

Germany is a country that takes the lead in industrial manufacturing. There is now growing interest in the semiconductor equipment refurbishment market, as driven by the added cost-effectiveness, the need to implement the best sustainability practices, and the growing demand for high-tech components. For instance, manufacturing companies can optimize their operations through the refurbishment of existing machinery, avoiding costly investment in new machinery with similar quality. These are some of the emerging trends, reflecting the growing importance of refurbishment in maintaining a competitive edge while responding to global challenges. Below are key trends shaping the market in Germany.

• Integration of Industry 4.0 Technologies: Germany semiconductor equipment refurbishment market is increasingly adopting Industry 4.0 technologies. These include automation, artificial intelligence, and the Internet of Things (IoT) to improve the refurbishment process. AI-driven diagnostics and predictive maintenance tools enable more efficient and precise repairs, improving equipment performance. Automation also reduces the labor costs and time required for refurbishing, providing significant value to manufacturers looking to extend the lifespan of their semiconductor machinery while enhancing their operational efficiency.
• Sustainability and circular economy: In terms of the strict environmental regulations and sustainability targets set by Germany, the semiconductor equipment refurbishment market embraces the tenets of the circular economy. It can save resources and reduce electronic waste by restoring used equipment instead of buying new ones. This also falls into the mantle of larger sustainability responsibility the country has in terms of maintaining business operations to the highest level while being environmentally friendly at the same time. The demand is expected to grow further due to the emphasis on sustainability for refurbished semiconductor equipment, especially among environmentally conscious industries.
• The Automotive Sector Demand: The demand for refurbished semiconductor equipment is growing, particularly in the German automotive sector, as electric vehicles take over. This is because EVs, self-driving systems, and other advanced automotive technologies contain semiconductors. Automotive manufacturers are now advancing with refurbished equipment for such technologies, attributed to their cost-saving and sustainability feature. It is one of the key opportunities in automotive semiconductor production: refurbishing allows this to cut capital expenditures, which complements both available savings on cost as well as an improvement in performance.
• Boost on Semiconductor Manufacturing Capacity: The global shortage of semiconductors prompts German manufacturers to create more semiconductor manufacturing capacity. Refurbished equipment is essential in achieving this objective, as it provides a faster and cheaper alternative to new machinery. The possibility of extending the life of existing equipment through refurbishment helps companies maintain high levels of production without the long lead times associated with ordering new machines. This trend enables German semiconductor manufacturers to strengthen their supply chain resilience and serve the market better, particularly in the most sensitive sectors, such as automotive and electronics.
• Adoption of Data-Driven Refurbishment Practices: The shift toward data-driven decision-making is increasingly evident in Germany semiconductor equipment refurbishment market. Companies are using big data, analytics, and machine learning to analyze equipment health and predict when refurbishment will be needed. This data-driven approach makes the interventions much more accurate and ensures the equipment does not experience much downtime and functions at peak levels. Data utilization to optimize refurbishment schedules and processes enables companies to enhance productivity and extend the life of equipment, as with the trend of digitalization in the manufacturing sector.

Emerging trends from the semiconductor equipment refurbishment market in Germany include deepening integration with cutting-edge technology, sustainability imperatives, and improved manufacturing needs. Industry 4.0 technology adoption combined with growing awareness in the realm of the circular economy and more prominent demand within automobile, as well as related segments, indicate an unprecedentedly fast change across this market. All these trends are remolding the refurbishment landscape for semiconductor equipment, driving growth and helping businesses respond to the ever-changing demands of a competitive and environmentally conscious market.

Recent Developments in the Semiconductor Equipment Refurbishment Market in Germany

In Germany, the semiconductor equipment refurbishment market has seen various significant developments over the past years. These include the global semiconductor shortage, the need for sustainable growth, and Germany efforts to maintain technological supremacy. With more businesses seeking cheap alternatives, the refurbishment of semiconductor equipment presents an effective solution for both economic and environmental considerations. The following are factors that have further shaped the continuous evolution of the market in Germany.

• Implementation of Advanced Refurbishment Techniques: One of the key developments in Germany semiconductor equipment refurbishment market is the implementation of advanced refurbishment techniques. These include more precise cleaning methods, improved calibration processes, and enhanced testing protocols that ensure refurbished equipment meets or exceeds industry standards. The use of modern technology and techniques has allowed refurbishment companies in Germany to bring equipment back to a very high level of performance. Businesses can have affordable solutions, which can be as reliable and efficient as new machinery.
• Joint Ventures with Semiconductor Manufacturers: In the recent past, the market has experienced more collaboration between semiconductor manufacturers and refurbishment companies. These collaborations help ensure that refurbished equipment meets specific needs in the semiconductor production process. Partnering with equipment manufacturers provides refurbishment companies with original parts, technical specifications, and proprietary knowledge for a higher level of refurbishment. The collaboration also helps make the refurbishment process smoother and more efficient by reducing lead times while restoring equipment to its optimal state.
•Expansion of Refurbishment Facilities: Many firms in Germany have enlarged their refurbishment facilities in an effort to accommodate the ever-growing demand for refurbished semiconductor equipment. Expansions enable firms to process more volumes of equipment, introduce new technologies that make the refurbishment process more efficient, and facilitate more flexibility as it allows refurbishment of different equipment types. All these expansions will be vital for the support of the rising demands in industries like automotive, telecommunication, and consumer electronics.
• Emphasis on Reducing Environmental Impact: Sustainability commitment by Germany has been one of the major forces behind recent growth in the refurbishment market for semiconductor equipment. In response to growing environmental issues, many refurbishment companies have started focusing on reducing the carbon footprint of their operations. The means include using more eco-friendly cleaning agents, conserving energy, and improving recycling practices for old components. Growing importance to the well-being of the environment is further helping firms comply with environmental regulations and support the overall country-wide initiatives that are gaining significant attention from consumers and regulatory bodies.
• Technological Advances in Equipment Diagnostics: There have also been advances in technologies related to diagnostics that have significantly aided the growth of the semiconductor equipment refurbishment market in Germany in recent times. Advanced diagnostics tools allow refurbishment companies to make clearer assessments of the health of semiconductor equipment, pointing out areas that call for attention. Such advancements save the time and money spent in repairs, thus making the refurbishment process more efficient. With this, the businesses end up refurbishing equipment with higher precision as they can ensure standards in terms of both quality and reliability for the final product.

The renewed activities and recent improvement in German semiconductor equipment refurbishment activities indicate the growing demand for advanced yet cost-effective solutions amid emerging global semiconductor shortages and increased environmental pressures. From advanced refurbishment techniques to collaborations with semiconductor manufacturers, all these developments are able to help businesses optimize their operations against sustainability efforts. The expansion of refurbishment facilities and technological innovation in diagnostics makes the market efficient and effective for its further growth in the future years.

Strategic Growth Opportunities for Semiconductor Equipment Refurbishment Market in Germany

The semiconductor equipment refurbishment market in Germany is witnessing strategic growth opportunities across key applications. This is driven by various factors, including the need to extend the lifecycle of expensive machinery, sustainability concerns, and the evolving needs of high-tech industries such as automotive and electronics. As Germany continues to push toward sustainably developing its industrial base, refurbishment is the only way in which growth can potentially be obtained. The following is the major growth pathway observed in the market across various applications.

• Automotive Sector Demand: The automotive sector, with growth in electric vehicles, further becomes a significant opportunity for the German semiconductor equipment refurbishment market. SEMI also forms the battery management systems and sensors in a considerable fraction of EVs, in addition to supporting ADAS functions. With their production increasing to satisfy the huge demand for these cars, semiconductor manufacturers are under immense pressure from their automotive partners to refurbish old equipment before putting up with the costs and investment in acquiring new, capital-intensive equipment, thereby improving profits and reducing operating costs.
• Telecommunication and 5G Networks: The rollout of 5G networks in Germany is another major growth opportunity for semiconductor equipment refurbishment. Because the telecommunication industry expands continuously to meet the increasing demands of 5G, the need for high-performance semiconductor manufacturing equipment continues to increase. Refurbished equipment enables telecom companies to meet production demand without the high capital expenditure that would be incurred to purchase new equipment. Telecom companies can maintain production capabilities while minimizing downtime by refurbishing and optimizing older machinery, thus staying competitive in the rapidly evolving 5G space.
• Consumer Electronics Market: Consumer electronics market in Germany is another key driver for semiconductor equipment refurbishment. With the rise of Internet of Things (IoT) devices and other connected technologies, there is a steady demand for semiconductors in consumer electronics manufacturing. Refurbishing the semiconductor equipment in manufacturing chips for smartphones, wearables, or smart devices in homes is an efficient and cost-effective way to meet increasing consumer demand. Manufacturers can upgrade their production capacity without unnecessary cost burdens while staying agile and competitive in the rapidly moving consumer electronics market by investing in refurbished equipment.
• Sustainability with a focus on Circular Economy: Sustainability and circular economy have prompted Germany to opt for semiconductor equipment refurbishment. This is due to the urgent need for reducing e-waste and resource conservation. By refurbishing semiconductor equipment, it protects resources while conserving on energy consumption in their pursuit of a far-reached goal: sustainability. This focus on circularity is nudging companies from all sectors to use refurbished semiconductor equipment because it fits with both environmental and economic objectives while also improving the efficiency of operations.
• Smarter Manufacturing and Industry 4.0 Integration: The adoption of Industry 4.0, including automation, artificial intelligence, and the Internet of Things, into the process of semiconductor manufacturing is significantly driving opportunities for equipment refurbishment. Integration of smart systems in refurbished equipment enhances performance, prolongs the life of the machinery, and develops the efficiency of manufacturing processes for companies. Therefore, this trend is very important in Germany, as advanced manufacturing plays a key role in its economy. In refurbished older equipment with cutting-edge technologies, companies can stay innovational while maximizing the value of their existing assets.

Germany semiconductor equipment refurbishment market is undergoing strong growth opportunities in several key applications. In the automotive, telecommunications, and consumer electronic sectors, increasing demand is coming for cost-competitive, sustainable, and high performance refurbished equipment, mainly because Industry 4.0 technology and the circular economy are gaining ground; refurbishment is competitive since companies extend the life of equipment, cut costs, and contribute to environmental sustainability. These opportunities are transforming the market, and refurbishment is now an essential business strategy in Germany.

Semiconductor Equipment Refurbishment Market in Germany Driver and Challenges

The semiconductor equipment refurbishment market in Germany is affected by several major drivers and challenges. Technological developments, economic factors, and regulatory issues are some of the main factors that contribute to the growth of the market. At the same time, equipment performance issues, market competition, and regulatory compliance push changes in the landscape. Understanding these drivers and challenges is important for stakeholders to tackle the market and identify growth opportunities. Below are the main drivers and challenges that face the semiconductor equipment refurbishment market in Germany.

The factors responsible for driving the semiconductor equipment refurbishment market in Germany include:
• Technological Advancements: Continuously advancing technology has been one of the driving forces behind the refurbishment market of semiconductor equipment in Germany. Updates in automation, AI, and diagnostics are revolutionizing the refurbishment process, enabling companies to recycle equipment to a better level of performance. Refurbishment companies are adopting high-end tools that will potentially enhance precision, prevent shutdowns, and maximize the life cycle of the equipment. These technological advances allow companies to refurbish equipment more efficiently. This provides companies in the automotive, telecommunications, and electronics sectors with a competitive advantage.
• Cost-Effectiveness and ROI: Cost pressure is one of the main reasons for the growth of the German semiconductor equipment refurbishment market. Many businesses find it hard to justify capital expenditure when they have to purchase new equipment. Refurbished equipment is more economical because it can extend the lifespan of existing equipment at a third of the cost incurred in purchasing new equipment. This is one of the significant advantages in capital-intensive industries like automotive, which have increasing demand for high-quality semiconductors but restricted capital budgets. Refurbishment offers a greater ROI, thus becoming increasingly popular.
• Sustainability and Regulatory Compliance: Germany has very strict environmental regulations and has been a country that is focused on sustainability. The government efforts to pursue a circular economy, where products are reused and recycled, motivate businesses to include refurbished equipment in their sustainability strategies. Companies can minimize e-waste, save resources, and fulfill regulatory requirements related to sustainability by refurbishing semiconductor equipment. Environmental refurbishments are a form of business operations that comply with wider economic and ecological aspirations of Germany as a nation hence motivating firms within the region.
• Growing Need for Semiconductor Products: Generally, demand on semiconductors by key industries including autos, telecom industries, and electronics keeps increasing thus opening up this line of business into refurbishment industries in Germany. The ever-increasing demand for semiconductor products has made the companies look for cost-effective methods to either continue or increase production capacity. Refurbished semiconductor equipment is one of the best options for those businesses that wish to increase their manufacturing capabilities without investing in new equipment. The demand for semiconductors, coupled with the pressure of cost management, is driving the refurbishment market.

Challenges in the semiconductor equipment refurbishment market in Germany are:
• Shortage of New Semiconductor Equipment: A primary driving force behind the refurbishment market is the current global shortage of semiconductor equipment. The disruptions in supply chains have led to delayed delivery of new equipment to most businesses. Companies are thus forced to source refurbished semiconductor equipment to sustain their production processes. With the quick acquisition of refurbished equipment, companies can avoid significant disruptions and keep their production schedules on track. At such a time when no one is sure of the availability of new equipment, refurbishment is timely and viable for businesses in Germany and other countries.
• Competition in the Market: Despite the rising demand for refurbished semiconductor equipment, the competition between refurbishment companies has been a challenge to businesses. The market is becoming highly competitive as more players enter the space, offering similar services. Companies must stand out in terms of high-quality refurbishment, advanced technologies, and cost-effective solutions. Moreover, the reliability and long life of refurbished equipment are the main concerns of customers, so businesses must have a good reputation for quality.
• Complex Regulatory Compliance Requirements: Complex regulatory compliance requirements are another challenge for the semiconductor equipment refurbishment market in Germany. The refurbishment of semiconductor equipment is highly regulated because of the sensitive nature of semiconductor manufacturing. There are regulations about health, safety, and environmental standards, so compliance requires an investment in testing, certification, and documentation. This can drive up the cost of refurbishment. Companies need to be on top of changes in regulations to avoid penalties and ensure that their equipment meets the requirements.
• Performance and reliability issues of refurbished semiconductor equipment: although refurbished semiconductor equipment is available at an affordable price, their performance and reliability are still a matter of concern to the customers because they suspect that refurbished equipment would not perform similarly and as efficaciously as new machine equipment, especially in terms of the latest technology. This addresses the issue of concerns that refurbishment companies need to address when it comes to rigorous testing protocols with effective warranties, thus ensuring refurbished equipment meets performance standards required by customers. This becomes the big challenge maintaining trust while sustaining growth in the market.

The major drivers and challenges of the semiconductor equipment refurbishment market in Germany represent the more evolved requirements of the industry. Technological advancements, cost pressures, and concerns for sustainability have led to refurbished equipment adoption. However, challenges such as market competition and regulatory compliance are inevitable factors that need consideration. With the aid of these drivers and challenges, businesses can use refurbishment as a strategic means for growth, cost reduction, and environmental responsibility to stand at the forefront in the competitive and rapidly evolving semiconductor market.

List of Semiconductor Equipment Refurbishment Market in Germany Companies

Companies in the market compete on the basis of product quality offered. Major players in this market focus on expanding their manufacturing facilities, R&D investments, infrastructural development, and leverage integration opportunities across the value chain. Through these strategies, semiconductor equipment refurbishment companies cater to increasing demand, ensure competitive effectiveness, develop innovative products & technologies, reduce production costs, and expand their customer base. Some of the semiconductor equipment refurbishment companies profiled in this report include:
• Company 1
• Company 2
• Company 3
• Company 4
• Company 5
• Company 6
• Company 7



Semiconductor Equipment Refurbishment Market in Germany by Segment

The study includes a forecast for the semiconductor equipment refurbishment market in Germany by product type and application.

Semiconductor Equipment Refurbishment Market in Germany by Product Type [Analysis by Value from 2019 to 2031]:


• Etching Equipment Refurbishment
• Deposition Equipment Refurbishment
• Metrology Equipment Refurbishment
• Lithography Equipment Refurbishment

Semiconductor Equipment Refurbishment Market in Germany by Application [Analysis by Value from 2019 to 2031]:


• Semiconductor Manufacturing
• Research and Development
• Quality Control
• Testing & Prototyping
• Others

Lucintel Analytics Dashboard

Features of the Semiconductor Equipment Refurbishment Market in Germany

Market Size Estimates: Semiconductor equipment refurbishment in Germany market size estimation in terms of value ($B).
Trend and Forecast Analysis: Market trends and forecasts by various segments.
Segmentation Analysis: Semiconductor equipment refurbishment in Germany market size by product type and application in terms of value ($B).
Growth Opportunities: Analysis of growth opportunities in different product type and application for the semiconductor equipment refurbishment in Germany.
Strategic Analysis: This includes M&A, new product development, and competitive landscape of the semiconductor equipment refurbishment in Germany.
Analysis of competitive intensity of the industry based on Porter’s Five Forces model.

If you are looking to expand your business in this or adjacent markets, then contact us. We have done hundreds of strategic consulting projects in market entry, opportunity screening, due diligence, supply chain analysis, M & A, and more.
Lucintel Consulting Services

FAQ

Q1. What are the major drivers influencing the growth of the semiconductor equipment refurbishment market in Germany?
Answer: The major drivers for this market are substantial demand for semiconductors among industries, increasing environment concern towards electronic waste, and rapid technological advancement in semiconductor.
Q2. What are the major segments for semiconductor equipment refurbishment market in Germany?
Answer: The future of the semiconductor equipment refurbishment market in Germany looks promising with opportunities in the semiconductor manufacturing, research and development, quality control, and testing & prototyping applications.
Q3. Which semiconductor equipment refurbishment market segment in Germany will be the largest in future?
Answer: Lucintel forecasts that etching is expected to witness highest growth over the forecast period.
Q4. Do we receive customization in this report?
Answer: Yes, Lucintel provides 10% customization without any additional cost.

This report answers following 10 key questions:

Q.1. What are some of the most promising, high-growth opportunities for the semiconductor equipment refurbishment market in Germany by product type (etching equipment refurbishment, deposition equipment refurbishment, metrology equipment refurbishment, and lithography equipment refurbishment), and application (semiconductor manufacturing, research and development, quality control, testing & prototyping, and others)?
Q.2. Which segments will grow at a faster pace and why?
Q.3. What are the key factors affecting market dynamics? What are the key challenges and business risks in this market?
Q.4. What are the business risks and competitive threats in this market?
Q.5. What are the emerging trends in this market and the reasons behind them?
Q.6. What are some of the changing demands of customers in the market?
Q.7. What are the new developments in the market? Which companies are leading these developments?
Q.8. Who are the major players in this market? What strategic initiatives are key players pursuing for business growth?
Q.9. What are some of the competing products in this market and how big of a threat do they pose for loss of market share by material or product substitution?
Q.10. What M&A activity has occurred in the last 5 years and what has its impact been on the industry?
For any questions related to Semiconductor Equipment Refurbishment Market in Germany, Semiconductor Equipment Refurbishment Market in Germany Size, Semiconductor Equipment Refurbishment Market in Germany Growth, Semiconductor Equipment Refurbishment Market in Germany Analysis, Semiconductor Equipment Refurbishment Market in Germany Report, Semiconductor Equipment Refurbishment Market in Germany Share, Semiconductor Equipment Refurbishment Market in Germany Trends, Semiconductor Equipment Refurbishment Market in Germany Forecast, Semiconductor Equipment Refurbishment Companies, write Lucintel analyst at email: helpdesk@lucintel.com. We will be glad to get back to you soon.

                                                            Table of Contents

            1. Executive Summary

            2. Semiconductor Equipment Refurbishment Market in Germany: Market Dynamics
                        2.1: Introduction, Background, and Classifications
                        2.2: Supply Chain
                        2.3: Industry Drivers and Challenges

            3. Market Trends and Forecast Analysis from 2019 to 2031
                        3.1. Macroeconomic Trends (2019-2024) and Forecast (2025-2031)
                        3.2. Semiconductor Equipment Refurbishment Market in Germany Trends (2019-2024) and Forecast (2025-2031)
                        3.3: Semiconductor Equipment Refurbishment Market in Germany by Product Type
                                    3.3.1: Etching Equipment Refurbishment
                                    3.3.2: Deposition Equipment Refurbishment
                                    3.3.3: Metrology Equipment Refurbishment
                                    3.3.4: Lithography Equipment Refurbishment
                        3.4: Semiconductor Equipment Refurbishment Market in Germany by Application
                                    3.4.1: Semiconductor Manufacturing
                                    3.4.2: Research and Development
                                    3.4.3: Quality Control
                                    3.4.4: Testing & Prototyping
                                    3.4.5: Others

            4. Competitor Analysis
                        4.1: Product Portfolio Analysis
                        4.2: Operational Integration
                        4.3: Porter’s Five Forces Analysis

            5. Growth Opportunities and Strategic Analysis
                        5.1: Growth Opportunity Analysis
                                    5.1.1: Growth Opportunities for the Semiconductor Equipment Refurbishment Market in Germany by Product Type
                                    5.1.2: Growth Opportunities for the Semiconductor Equipment Refurbishment Market in Germany by Application
                        5.2: Emerging Trends in the Semiconductor Equipment Refurbishment Market
                        5.3: Strategic Analysis
                                    5.3.1: New Product Development
                                    5.3.2: Capacity Expansion of the Semiconductor Equipment Refurbishment Market in Germany
                                    5.3.3: Mergers, Acquisitions, and Joint Ventures in the Semiconductor Equipment Refurbishment Market in Germany
                                    5.3.4: Certification and Licensing

            6. Company Profiles of Leading Players
                        6.1: Company 1
                        6.2: Company 2
                        6.3: Company 3
                        6.4: Company 4
                        6.5: Company 5
                        6.6: Company 6
                        6.7: Company 7
.

Buy full report or by chapter as follows

Price by License Type:
[-] Hide Chapter Details
[Chapter Number] [Chapter Name] [Chapter Number Of Pages] [Chapter Price]
Title/Chapter Name Pages Price
Full Report: Semiconductor Equipment Refurbishment Market in Germany Full Report $ 4,850
207 - page report
Lucintel has been in the business of market research and management consulting since 2000 and has published over 1000 market intelligence reports in various markets / applications and served over 1,000 clients worldwide. This study is a culmination of four months of full-time effort performed by Lucintel's analyst team. The analysts used the following sources for the creation and completion of this valuable report:
  • In-depth interviews of the major players in this market
  • Detailed secondary research from competitors’ financial statements and published data 
  • Extensive searches of published works, market, and database information pertaining to industry news, company press releases, and customer intentions
  • A compilation of the experiences, judgments, and insights of Lucintel’s professionals, who have analyzed and tracked this market over the years.
Extensive research and interviews are conducted across the supply chain of this market to estimate market share, market size, trends, drivers, challenges, and forecasts. Below is a brief summary of the primary interviews that were conducted by job function for this report.
 
Thus, Lucintel compiles vast amounts of data from numerous sources, validates the integrity of that data, and performs a comprehensive analysis. Lucintel then organizes the data, its findings, and insights into a concise report designed to support the strategic decision-making process. The figure below is a graphical representation of Lucintel’s research process. 
 

Please sign in below to get report brochure - Semiconductor Equipment Refurbishment Market in Germany .

At Lucintel, we respect your privacy and maintain the confidentiality of information / data provided by you
(Please enter your corporate email. * These fields are mandatory )

Follow us on